Which of the following is typically not included in closing costs?

Monthly utility payments are typically not included in closing costs because they are ongoing expenses that the homeowner will pay regularly after the purchase is completed. Closing costs generally refer to the fees and expenses paid during the finalization of a property transaction, which occur at or before the property transfer takes place.

In contrast, property appraisal fees, real estate agent commissions, and transfer taxes are all integral components of closing costs. Property appraisal fees ensure the property value is adequately assessed for mortgage purposes; real estate agent commissions are fees due to agents for their services in facilitating the sale; and transfer taxes are government levies imposed on the transfer of property ownership. These elements are all related to the actual sale and transfer process, distinguishing them from regular ongoing expenses like utility payments.